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Nokia 4A0-220 exam covers a wide range of topics related to GMPLS-controlled optical networks, including network architecture, protocols, routing, signaling, and network management. 4A0-220 exam is designed to test individuals' knowledge and understanding of these topics, as well as their ability to troubleshoot problems and implement solutions in a real-world environment.
Nokia 4A0-220 Certification Exam measures candidates' knowledge of optical network architectures, including WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) and OTN (Optical Transport Network). It also tests their ability to configure, troubleshoot, and optimize GMPLS-controlled optical networks using Nokia equipment. Candidates must demonstrate their understanding of topics such as MPLS, OSPF, BGP, and RSVP-TE.
NEW QUESTION # 24
What is the Commissioning File in GMRE nodes?
- A. A control checklist for the operator
- B. A file with target values that determine whether a given LSP is possible
- C. A file with commissioned GMRE nodes for NPA implementation
- D. A file of optical impairment parameters for power balance
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The Commissioning File in GMRE nodes is a file with target values that determine whether a given LSP is possible. The Commissioning File contains parameters such as power, OSNR, Q-factor, and dispersion that are used to evaluate the feasibility of an LSP request. The Commissioning File is generated by the Network Planning Application (NPA) based on the network design and optical impairments. The Commissioning File is uploaded to each GMRE node and is used by the CSPF algorithm to find a suitable path for the LSP. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Network Planning Application (NPA) | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 25
How can you modify the SNC Nominal Route in NFM-T?
- A. By putting the LSP in Test mode and moving traffic
- B. By using the Constraint Wizard to modify the constraints
- C. By using the Reroute Wizard to modify the constraints
- D. By changing the SRG constraints
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The SNC Nominal Route is the default or preferred route that is assigned to an LSP when it is created. The SNC Nominal Route is determined by the constraints that are specified by the user during the LSP creation process, such as cost, SRLG, color, bandwidth, protection, and regeneration. The user can modify the SNC Nominal Route in NFM-T by using the Constraint Wizard, which is a tool that allows the user to change the constraints for an existing LSP. The Constraint Wizard will then compute a new SNC Nominal Route based on the modified constraints and update the LSP accordingly34. References:
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 4: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 26
What is Tunnel Property Heritage?
- A. Maximum allowed bandwith is propagated from HO to LO LSPs.
- B. Cost, SRLG, and Color properties are propagated from HO to LO LSPs.
- C. The hierarchy tunnels cannot be nested unless they share the same properties.
- D. A restored tunnel inherits the ODUk flows.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Tunnel Property Heritage is a feature of GMRE that allows the propagation of certain properties from higher order (HO) LSPs to lower order (LO) LSPs in a multi-layer network. These properties include cost, SRLG, and color. Cost is a metric that reflects the preference of using a certain link or path for routing. SRLG is a set of links that share a common risk of failure. Color is an attribute that can be used to group or filter LSPs based on service classes or customer profiles. By propagating these properties from HO to LO LSPs, GMRE can ensure that the end-to-end LSPs are consistent and optimal across different layers34. References:
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 4: GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 27
Automation is one of the key features of GMPLS. What is its main benefit?
- A. Reducing OPEX
- B. Reducing CAPEX
- C. Providing resilience against multiple failures
- D. Supporting multi-vendor networks
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Automation is one of the key features of GMPLS that allows dynamic provisioning of optical transport connections between IP routers and optical network elements2. Automation reduces the operational time and administrative overhead required to provision new connectivity, which in turn reduces the operational expenditure (OPEX) of the network. Reducing CAPEX, providing resilience against multiple failures, and supporting multi-vendor networks are not direct benefits of automation, but rather possible outcomes of using GMPLS in general. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: GMPLS - Nokia
* 3: Traffic survivability through Protection and Restoration Combined (PRC) - YouTube
* [4]: GMPLS: Architecture and Applications - Google Books
NEW QUESTION # 28
What is the function of the OSPF-TE protocol?
- A. To assign different priority to various types of transported signals
- B. To monitor the availability of the links interconnecting adjacent nodes
- C. To exchange with other nodes data about the state of links
- D. To create an MPLS tunnel between two or more end points
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The OSPF-TE protocol is an extension of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol that is used to exchange information about the state of links in a GMPLS network. OSPF-TE advertises link attributes such as bandwidth, latency, priority, protection, or switching capabilities to other nodes in the same area. OSPF-TE enables nodes to build a Traffic Engineering Database (TED) that contains the topology and resource information of the network. OSPF-TE helps nodes to perform CSPF calculations and establish LSPs using RSVP-TE signaling. References : Open Shortest Path First - Wikipedia, Understand Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) - Design Guide, RSVP-TE and OSPF-TE extensions for GMPLS
NEW QUESTION # 29
In a 1830PSS MRN network, when can groups of links be combined (bundled) together in a single TE-Link?
- A. Never
- B. Both within layer 0 and 1 networks
- C. Only within layer 0 networks
- D. Only within layer 1 networks
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
In a 1830PSS MRN network, groups of links can be combined (bundled) together in a single TE-Link both within layer 0 and 1 networks. A TE-Link is a logical representation of one or more physical links that share the same attributes and can be used to establish Label Switched Paths (LSPs). A TE-Link can be either single-layer or multi-layer, depending on the switching capabilities of the links. In a single-layer TE-Link, all the links belong to the same layer, either layer 0 (optical) or layer 1 (OTN). In a multi-layer TE-Link, the links belong to different layers, such as layer 0 and layer 1. A TE-Link can be either bundled or unbundled, depending on the number of links it contains. A bundled TE-Link contains more than one link, while an unbundled TE-Link contains only one link. A bundled TE-Link can provide more bandwidth and flexibility than an unbundled TE-Link. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 3.
GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 30
Which provisioning steps arecommon in both CP to plain MP networks?
- A. Node creation
CPB provisioning process Node synchronization CPB power balance - B. Node creation
CPB provisioning process Link association CPB power balance - C. Node creation
CPB provisioning process Node synchronization NPA implementation - D. Node creation SRG creation Node synchronization CPB power balance
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The provisioning steps that are common in both CP to plain MP networks are node creation, CPB provisioning process, node synchronization, and CPB power balance. These steps are required to create and commission the nodes, provision the cross-connect boards (CPBs), associate the links between the nodes, synchronize the network elements (NEs) with the NFM-T, and balance the power levels of the CPBs. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 31
What is the meaning of Generalized in GMPLS?
- A. GMPLS can be used for traffic types other than data packets
- B. Switching can be based on values other than the label
- C. Unlike MPLS, GMPLS supports multi-vendor networks
- D. The label can assume an extended value range, and is not constrained as it is with MPLS
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS stands for Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching, which is a protocol suite that extends MPLS to control different types of switching technologies, such as optical, TDM, and packet switching1. The meaning of Generalized in GMPLS is that it can be used for traffic types other than data packets, such as wavelengths, time slots, or fibers2. GMPLS can also use implicit labels that are derived from the physical properties of the data stream, such as wavelength or timeslot, instead of explicit labels that are carried in the packet header3. This allows GMPLS to support various transport networks and applications, such as optical transport networks (OTN), wavelength switched optical networks (WSON), and automatic switched optical networks (ASON)4. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: What is MPLS and GMPLS? - Metaswitch
* 3: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 4: GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 32
What is a Nominal Route in a GMPLS network?
- A. The nominal power path
- B. The least cost path according to the routing protocol
- C. The best possible path at the moment
- D. The optimal path that meets TE constraints
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A Nominal Route in a GMPLS network is the optimal path that meets the Traffic Engineering (TE) constraints for a given LSP request. A Nominal Route is calculated by the NFM-T using the Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) algorithm, which takes into account parameters such as bandwidth, latency, priority, protection type, and other QoS attributes. A Nominal Route is stored in the NFM-T database and can be used to provision LSPs over the network. A Nominal Route can differ from the Current Route, which is the actual path that the LSP is taking at a given time, due to network changes or failures. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 33
What is the purpose of the RSVP-TE Notify message?
- A. It is the node's alarm control channel
- B. It is a mechanism to inform the NM5 of L5P events
- C. It is a mechanism to inform non-adjacent nodes of LSP events
- D. It is confirmation of a node's resource reservation
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
RSVP-TE Notify message is a message type defined in the RSVP-TE protocol, which is an extension of the RSVP protocol for MPLS traffic engineering. RSVP-TE Notify message is used to inform non-adjacent nodes of LSP events, such as setup, modification, or teardown. This allows the nodes to update their local state information and perform actions based on the notification. For example, a Notify message can be used to trigger a fast reroute mechanism in case of a link or node failure12. References:
* 1: RFC 3473 - Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions
* 2: RFC 3471 - Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Functional Description
NEW QUESTION # 34
How do you configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in a network with only LI restoration capability?
- A. Uncheck the Logical Link box Set the Port Type to Terminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box
- B. Uncheck the Logical Link box NSet the Port Type to Terminated
Uncheck the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box - C. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Uncheck the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box - D. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
To configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in a network with only LI restoration capability, you need to check the Logical Link box, set the Port Type to Unterminated, uncheck the ASON Routed box, and uncheck the ASON Tunnel box. This configuration allows you to create a logical link between two Uplink boards that can be used for LI restoration. The logical link is not terminated at the Uplink board, but at the OTU board. The ASON Routed option is not needed for LI restoration, as the LSPs are established by NFM-T and not by GMPLS. The ASON Tunnel option is not applicable for Uplink boards. References : Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia, Nokia 1830 PSS-4, PSS-8, PSS-16 and PSS-32 Platforms - NATO
NEW QUESTION # 35
What is the GMRE notify address?
- A. The OSPF-TE broadcast IP used to flood the link adjacency information
- B. The email exchange server to notify the operators of network failures
- C. An IP address used to signal failures on downstream nodes upstream to the head node
- D. The LMP Control Channel ID. This field contains the IPv4 address of the ingress LER as a global unique identifier
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The GMRE notify address is an IP address used to signal failures on downstream nodes upstream to the head node. The GMRE notify address is configured on each GMRE node and is used to send a Notify message to the head node when a failure occurs on a link or node alongthe LSP. The Notify message contains the failure information and the LSP ID. The head node can then initiate a restoration process based on the Notify message. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 36
Which of the following best describes the Shutting Down state in the NFM-T?
- A. A transient state where current SNCs are soft-rerouted
- B. A soft maintenance state where new traffic is allowed for restoration
- C. It is the same as the administrative maintenance state. No new traffic can be routed over the TE-Unk
- D. An automatic shut down of all LSPs in the TE-link
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The Shutting Down state is a transient state that occurs when a TE-link is set to maintenance mode in the NFM-T. In this state, the TE-link is not available for routing new LSPs, but the existing LSPs (SNCs) that use the TE-link are not immediately terminated. Instead, they are soft-rerouted, which means that they are gracefully switched to alternative paths without disrupting the traffic. The Shutting Down state lasts until all the SNCs on the TE-link are successfully soft-rerouted or forcefully terminated. After that, the TE-link transitions to the Administrative Maintenance state, where no traffic can be routed over the TE-link12.
References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 37
How is the GMRE functionality guaranteed in Nokia equipment?
- A. Rack redundancy guarantees GMRE functionality in case of a power outage
- B. The specific software configuration guarantees GMRE functionality
- C. Redundant LAN cables guarantee GMRE functionality
- D. Controller redundancy guarantees GMRE functionality
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The GMRE functionality is guaranteed in Nokia equipment by controller redundancy. The controller is the hardware component that runs the GMPLS software and controls the switching fabric of the node. Each node has two controllers, one active and one standby, that synchronize their states and databases. If the active controller fails, the standby controller takes over and ensures the continuity of the GMRE functionality. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 1830 Photonic Service Switch (PSS) | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 38
Which of the following information is present in every GMPLS-enabled node?
- A. The bandwidth of each client path in the entire network
- B. The state of each link in the entire network
- C. The frequency of each client path in the entire network
- D. The list of LSPs created in the entire network
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS-enabled nodes use routing protocols, such as OSPF-TE or ISIS-TE, to exchange information about the topology and the state of the links in the network12. This information includes the link attributes, such as bandwidth, wavelength, protection, and shared risk link groups (SRLGs)3. The state of each link indicates whether it is up or down, available or reserved, and so on. This information is used by GMPLS-enabled nodes to compute feasible paths for LSPs and to avoid routing loops or conflicts. The bandwidth and the frequency of each client path are not present in every GMPLS-enabled node, but only in the ingress and egress nodes that initiate and terminate the LSPs. The list of LSPs created in the entire network is also not present in every GMPLS-enabled node, but only in the nodes that are involved in the LSPs or that maintain a global view of the network. References:
* 1: GMPLS - Nokia
* 2: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 39
Which of the following is not a GMPLS protocol?
- A. LMP
- B. OSPF-TE
- C. SFD
- D. RSVP-TE
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
SFD is not a GMPLS protocol, but a term used in optical networks to refer to the Source Frequency Definition, which is a parameter that specifies the frequency of a wavelength channel4. GMPLS protocols are those that enable the control and management of different types of switching technologies, such as packet, wavelength, fiber, and time-slot switching5. Some examples of GMPLS protocols are OSPF-TE, RSVP-TE, and LMP. OSPF-TE is a routing protocol that advertises the topology and the link attributes of the network6.
RSVP-TE is a signaling protocol that establishes, modifies, and releases LSPs. LMP is a link management protocol that verifies the connectivity and monitors the status of the links. References:
* 4: Source Frequency Definition (SFD) - ITU
* 5: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 6: OSPF Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) - RFC 4203
* [7]: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions - RFC 3473
* [8]: Link Management Protocol (LMP) - RFC 4204
NEW QUESTION # 40
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One of the primary reasons why taking the Nokia 4A0-220 Certification Exam is important is that it enables you to gain a competitive edge in the field of optical networking, a crucial area of IT infrastructure that supports modern businesses and organizations. By equipping yourself with the right skills and knowledge, you will be better positioned to meet the growing demand for sophisticated and reliable optical networks that can support increasingly complex and bandwidth-intensive applications and services.
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